Tech

Practical technology guides from moim.bio, in English.

How to Paste Plain Text Without Formatting: Windows and Mac Shortcuts

Have you ever copied text from a website and pasted it into a document, only to bring along mismatched font sizes and dark background highlights? Manually resetting fonts and stripping colors disrupts your workflow. Here is how to paste just the clean text so it instantly matches your document.

Quick Summary
Web browsers, Google Docs, modern MS Word: Ctrl + Shift + V on Windows, Cmd + Shift + V on Mac
Native Mac apps (Pages, Notes, etc.): Option + Shift + Command + V (Paste and Match Style)
Hancom Office Hangul (HWP): Press Ctrl + Alt + V, then select Unformatted Text in Paste Special
Windows Clipboard history: Press Win + V, click the three dots (…), and select ‘Paste as text’

Why Does Formatting Follow When You Copy and Paste?

When you press Ctrl + C on a webpage or in a PDF, your computer copies more than just text. Font sizes, text colors, highlight backgrounds, and hyperlinks are all bundled into your clipboard as formatting metadata.

It is like trying to shove a box wrapped in thick paper and large ribbons into a tight drawer. To fit everything neatly, you need to strip away the wrapping and keep only the item inside.

Pasting without formatting strips away that original styling metadata. The inserted text immediately adopts the font, size, and line spacing of your active document.

Shortcuts by App: How to Paste as Plain Text

The most common standard shortcut is simply adding the Shift key to your usual paste command. This works across web browsers like Chrome and Edge, as well as Google Docs, Gmail, and Microsoft Teams.

Microsoft Word added official support for Ctrl + Shift + V (Cmd + Shift + V on Mac) as "Keep Text Only" in March 2023. However, older perpetual-license versions like Office 2016, 2019, or 2021 may not support this shortcut by default.

Program / Environment	Shortcut to Paste Without Formatting
Chrome, Edge, Google Docs, Gmail, Teams	Windows: `Ctrl + Shift + V` / Mac: `Cmd + Shift + V`
MS Word (Modern versions)	Windows: `Ctrl + Shift + V` / Mac: `Cmd + Shift + V`
macOS Native Apps (Pages, Notes, etc.)	`Option + Shift + Command + V`
Hancom Office Hangul (HWP)	`Ctrl + Alt + V` (Paste Special)

On Mac, the shortcut depends on the application. Web browsers and Google Docs use Cmd + Shift + V, but native macOS apps like Pages and Notes require Option + Shift + Command + V for "Paste and Match Style."

Can You Set Plain Text as the Default Paste Setting?

If you write or edit documents all day, pressing three keys every time can be tedious. Microsoft Word lets you change the default behavior so standard Ctrl + V always pastes plain text.

Go to File > Options in Word. Select Advanced on the left pane and scroll down to the Cut, copy, and paste section.

Look for "Pasting from other programs" and set it to Keep Text Only or Merge Formatting. Once saved, pasting text from web pages or external apps will never drag unwanted fonts or colored backgrounds into your document.

Using Built-in Windows Tools to Paste as Plain Text

If you forget the shortcuts, the built-in Clipboard History feature in Windows 10 and 11 is a great alternative. Press Win + V to open a small popup displaying your recently copied items.

Clipboard History saves up to 25 items (up to 4 MB per item). Click the three-dots (…) menu next to an entry and select Paste as text to insert it without formatting.

For system-wide control, you can also use "Advanced Paste" from Microsoft PowerToys. It lets you open a dedicated paste menu with Win + Shift + V or instantly paste plain text using Win + Ctrl + Alt + V.

Next time you copy text from the web, add Shift to your usual shortcut and press Ctrl + Shift + V instead.

Related Guides

References

1-Minute Video Summary

2026년 10월 22일

Why Your Laptop Tingles While Charging (And How Grounded Chargers Fix It)

Have you ever felt a faint tingling sensation or vibration on your wrists and fingertips while typing on a charging laptop? Or noticed your stylus jittering across the touchscreen? Is your device broken, or is the charger to blame?

Quick Summary
Surface tingling and stylus jitter occur when hundreds of microamps (µA) of leakage current from power conversion cannot escape.
A grounded 3-prong charger directs this leakage current safely into the ground.
The fix only works if the charger, extension cord, and wall outlet all feature an active ground connection.
For metal-bodied laptops, choose a grounded Gallium Nitride (GaN) charger rated for at least 65W.

Why Does Your Laptop Tingle and Cause Touch Jitter?

Laptop power adapters convert high-voltage alternating current (AC) from the wall into low-voltage direct current (DC, typically around 20V). During this process, electricity passes through an EMI filter to suppress electromagnetic interference, which produces high-frequency electrical noise and tiny leakage currents.

Unlike plastic laptops, modern aluminum or magnesium metal bodies conduct electricity. Without a dedicated exit path, leakage current lingers on the metal surface, creating an induced voltage of several dozen volts and residual currents of several hundred microamps (µA). Capacitive touch sensors on smartphones, tablets, and trackpads also experience interference from this stray current, resulting in erratic touches or stylus jitter.

Tech communities and manufacturers view this sensation slightly differently. Tech forums often describe it as a micro electric shock where stray current discharges through your skin. In contrast, official guidance from manufacturers like Samsung Electronics explains it as harmless electrostatic induction—a slight vibration sensation rather than direct electrical shock, due to the anodized oxide coating on the metal exterior.

Grounded vs. Ungrounded Plugs: What Is the Difference?

The key to stopping this effect is giving the residual current somewhere else to go. A quick look at your power plug reveals why it happens.

Ungrounded chargers have only two prongs. They are light and compact, but offer no pathway to vent stray current. Grounded chargers feature a dedicated ground prong (or side grounding clips). This metal contact routes stray surface current safely through the electrical wiring and deep into the ground.

Category	Ungrounded Plug (2-prong)	Grounded Plug (3-prong / Grounded)
Design	Only 2 power prongs	Additional ground pin or side metal contacts
Leakage Handling	No discharge path (discharges through touch)	Vented into building earth ground via grounding pin
Symptoms	Wrist tingling, vibration, stylus jitter, erratic touch	Eliminates surface voltage and touch interference

Does Switching to a Grounded Charger Solve Everything?

Buying a grounded charger is not always enough on its own. The entire pathway to the ground must be connected. All three links—the charger, the power strip, and the wall outlet—must support grounding.

Older buildings often lack grounded wiring in wall outlets. If you plug into an ungrounded outlet or use an ungrounded 2-prong extension cord, the grounding circuit breaks, and the tingling sensation will persist even with a grounded charger.

Some accessory sellers claim that ungrounded charging ruins your motherboard or reduces battery life. However, no certified test reports or official manufacturer warnings substantiate this claim. Even so, establishing a grounded setup is essential if you want to eliminate that annoying vibration and stylus jitter while working.

How to Choose the Right Grounded Charger

When shopping for a new charger, check your device’s power specifications and safety certifications. For laptop use, look for an adapter with at least 65W output. Gallium Nitride (GaN) chargers are currently the best choice, offering high wattage in a compact size with excellent thermal management.

To charge phones, tablets, and laptops reliably from a single brick, make sure it supports USB-PD (Power Delivery) and PPS (Programmable Power Supply). You can choose official grounded adapters (such as Samsung’s EP-TA845, EP-TA865, EP-TB010, or EP-TB410) or reputable third-party 65W to 140W multi-port grounded chargers.

When using a multi-port charger, check how wattage is distributed when multiple devices are plugged in at once. Ensure the primary laptop port still delivers the minimum recommended wattage (usually 65W or higher).

Check your current setup: look for a third grounding prong or metal contacts on your charger plug, and confirm your power strip and wall outlet have active grounding pins.

References

1-Minute Video Summary

2026년 10월 21일

Why Toggling Airplane Mode Fixes Frozen Mobile Data

Have you ever stepped off the subway or exited an elevator to find your mobile data completely frozen, even with full signal bars? When messages stall on sending and webpages refuse to load, most people restart their phone. But instead of waiting one or two minutes through a full reboot, why does simply toggling Airplane Mode on and off restore your connection almost instantly?

At a Glance
Call failures: Turn on Airplane Mode, wait 5 seconds, then turn it off.
Data frozen or “No Service”: Keep Airplane Mode on for at least 15 seconds.
Connecting to international roaming networks: Keep Airplane Mode on for about 30 seconds.
Time saved vs. restarting: Cuts a 1-to-2-minute reboot down to under 15 seconds.

Full Bars but No Data? Understanding “Session Stall”

Why data freezes despite full bars: How session stall works

As you move, your smartphone transitions from one cellular tower to the next through a process called a “handover.” It works like relay runners passing a baton on a track.

However, when passing through dead zones like tunnels or elevators, signal strength can drop abruptly, or the new cell tower may be congested. This causes the handover to fail. Your screen continues to show the signal strength (signal bars) from the previous cell tower, but actual data packet transmission has ground to a halt. This state is known as a “session stall.”

Your device is essentially running empty-handed after dropping the baton. Data remains unresponsive until the phone detects the error and re-establishes a network connection.

2-Minute Reboot vs. 5-Second Airplane Mode: Resetting the Modem

2-minute restart vs. 5-second airplane mode: Resetting the cellular modem

Restarting your smartphone when the internet freezes takes one to two minutes or more. The entire operating system and dozens of background applications must load from scratch.

Toggling Airplane Mode, on the other hand, cuts power only to the cellular modem (baseband processor) and radio transceiver. Instead of shutting down the entire device, it performs a targeted “soft reset” by forcibly severing the stuck network connection.

When you disable Airplane Mode, power returns to the modem, triggering an immediate scan of the Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) of nearby towers (a PLMN scan). As a result, your phone establishes a clean Radio Resource Control (RRC) session with the strongest cell tower (eNodeB or gNodeB) in about 5 seconds.

How Long Should You Leave It On? Manufacturer Guidelines

How long should you leave it on? Official manufacturer guidelines

If you turn Airplane Mode off after only a single second, the cellular modem may not completely clear the stale session. Official manufacturer support guides recommend specific wait times based on the issue.

Issue or Symptom	Recommended Wait Time	Source and Guideline
Unable to make or receive calls	Wait 5 seconds before turning off	Apple Official Support Guide
“No Service” or “Searching”	Keep on for at least 15 seconds	Apple Official Support Guide
Automatic selection of roaming networks abroad	Keep on for about 30 seconds	Apple Roaming Guide
Temporary network errors / Quick Share issues	Turn off after confirming enabled	Samsung Electronics Support Guide

Apple’s official documentation varies between 5, 15, and 30 seconds depending on the symptom, meaning there is no single universal standard. While some online discussions claim that session stalls occur more frequently on certain carriers, there is no verified data to confirm this. There is also technical debate over whether Airplane Mode clears 100% of the modem’s temporary cache.

If your phone shows full bars but data stops working, skip the reboot. Swipe down your control center, leave Airplane Mode on for 15 seconds, and turn it off.

References

1-Minute Summary Video

2026년 10월 20일

How to Embed Fonts in PowerPoint So Slides Look the Same on Any Computer

Have you ever spent hours perfecting a slide deck, only to open it on the venue computer and watch your fonts get replaced with generic defaults that break the entire layout? Here is how to keep your slide design intact without having to install font files manually.

Quick Guide
Windows: [File] → [Options] → [Save] → Check ‘Embed fonts in the file’ (Shortcut: F12 → [Tools] → [Save Options])
Mac: [PowerPoint] → [Preferences] → [Save] → Check ‘Embed fonts in the file’ (Available in Microsoft 365, 2019 or later)
Which Option: Choose ‘Embed only the characters used’ for presentations, or ‘Embed all characters’ if others need to edit the file
Error Fix: If a license restriction alert appears, go to [Home] → [Replace] → [Replace Fonts] to switch to a standard system font

Why Do Fonts Change When Opened on Another Computer?

Why fonts change when opened on another computer

Slides that looked great on your own computer often turn into generic system fonts or display missing character boxes when opened on a different PC.

This happens because fonts are not stored inside the presentation file by default. They are separate files installed on your operating system. A standard PowerPoint file merely tells the computer, “Display this text using Font A.”

You sent the instructions for a custom stamp instead of stamping the paper directly. If the target PC does not have that specific font installed, PowerPoint substitutes a default fallback font, ruining text width, line breaks, and alignment.

How to Embed Fonts in PowerPoint on Windows and Mac

To avoid layout issues, embed the font data directly inside the presentation file before saving. Both Windows and Mac offer an easy toggle in the options menu.

On Windows, press F12 to open the ‘Save As’ window, then click [Tools] → [Save Options] next to the Save button to jump straight to the settings screen.

Operating System	Menu Path	Supported Versions
Windows	[File] → [Options] → [Save] → Check [Embed fonts in the file]	Microsoft 365, 2016–2024
macOS	[PowerPoint] → [Preferences] → [Save] → Check [Embed fonts in the file]	Microsoft 365, 2019 or later

Microsoft Office Cloud fonts do not need to be embedded manually. As long as the presenting PC has an active internet connection and a Microsoft 365 subscription, the fonts download automatically.

‘Embed Only Characters Used’ vs. ‘Embed All Characters’: Which to Pick?

Embed only characters used vs embed all characters in PowerPoint

Once you check ‘Embed fonts in the file’, you must choose between two options. Your choice depends on whether you are presenting or collaborating.

For presentations that do not require any further edits, choose ‘Embed only the characters used in the presentation’. This saves only the characters included on your slides, keeping file size manageable.

Category	Embed only the characters used in the presentation	Embed all characters
Pros	Includes only slide text, preventing large file sizes	Allows full text editing and additions on other computers
Cons	Typing new characters on another PC triggers font substitution	Embeds full font files, increasing file size and loading time
Recommended For	Final presentations where no text edits are needed	Collaborative files or presentations requiring on-site edits

Keep in mind that this setting does not apply globally across PowerPoint. You must configure it individually for each new presentation.

How to Fix the ‘Some Fonts Cannot Be Saved’ Error

How to fix PowerPoint font cannot be saved error

When saving your file, PowerPoint may show a warning: “Some of your fonts cannot be saved with the presentation.”

This happens when a font designer sets a ‘Restricted license’ attribute on the font file. PowerPoint cannot bypass these licensing restrictions. The cleanest fix is to replace the restricted font with a standard system font using [Home] → [Replace] → [Replace Fonts].

While Microsoft notes that OpenType (.otf) fonts are supported for embedding, compatibility can vary across specific operating system versions. Embedding full font packages also inflates file size depending on character counts, so check your final file size after saving.

Before emailing your deck or moving it to a USB drive, press F12 and confirm font embedding in your save options.

References

1-Minute Summary Video

2026년 10월 19일

Why F5 Won’t Fix Broken Web Pages (And Why You Need Ctrl + F5)

Have you ever tried to check out online, only to find the terms checkbox unresponsive or the layout completely broken? You smash F5 five or six times in frustration, yet nothing changes. Why does this happen?

At a Glance
Normal Refresh (F5): Reuses the browser’s local cache or only checks the server for changes (304 Not Modified), causing errors to repeat.
Hard Refresh (Ctrl + F5): Bypasses the cache entirely and forces a full re-download of the latest original files (200 OK) from the server.
Recommended for Windows: Ctrl + F5 or Ctrl + Shift + R (Chrome, Edge, Whale, Firefox).
Recommended for macOS: Cmd + Shift + R (Chrome, Edge) or Shift + Click the Refresh button in Safari.

Why Hitting F5 Won’t Fix the Problem

Why hitting F5 won't fix web page glitches

To load websites faster and save bandwidth, web browsers store files like images, stylesheets (CSS), and JavaScript (JS) temporarily on your local drive. This is called “caching.” It is like grabbing canned food from your pantry instead of running to the grocery store every single time.

When you press regular refresh (F5 or Ctrl + R), the browser sends a conditional request (If-Modified-Since, If-None-Match) asking the server if any files have changed. If the server decides nothing changed and returns a 304 Not Modified response, the browser simply loads the old cached files from your hard drive to render the page.

Problems arise when website developers update code or redesign parts of the site. The browser might download the new layout structure (HTML), but it continues using old cached files for styling (CSS) and functionality (JS). The mismatched code clashes. No matter how many times you press F5, the browser reuses that outdated cache, leaving broken layouts and unresponsive buttons unresolved.

How Ctrl + F5 Works Differently

A hard refresh completely bypasses the local cache stored on your drive. Instead of checking what is in the pantry, it goes straight to the store and insists on fresh ingredients.

When you press this shortcut, the browser includes Cache-Control: no-cache and legacy Pragma: no-cache in its request headers. This signals the server to skip all conditional checks and send the complete, latest versions of every file.

The server ignores any previous cache status and serves all fresh resources with a 200 OK status code. The updated CSS and JS files download immediately, fixing broken layouts and frozen buttons in seconds.

Hard Refresh Shortcuts by Browser and OS

Shortcuts vary slightly depending on your browser and operating system. Using these shortcuts lets you refresh just the malfunctioning page without clearing your entire browsing history.

Operating System	Browser	Shortcut
Windows / Linux	Chrome	`Ctrl + F5`, `Shift + F5`, `Ctrl + Shift + R`
Windows / Linux	Edge, Firefox, Whale	`Ctrl + F5`, `Ctrl + Shift + R`
Windows / Linux	Mouse shortcut (all)	Hold `Shift` and click Reload (↻)
macOS	Chrome, Edge, Firefox	`Cmd(⌘) + Shift + R`
macOS	Safari	`Cmd(⌘) + Option(⌥) + R` or hold `Shift` and click Reload

In Google Chrome’s official support documentation, only Shift + F5 and Ctrl + Shift + R are officially listed; Ctrl + F5 is omitted from the table, though it functions identically. For Safari on macOS, Apple does not officially document a dedicated hard refresh shortcut, so you may need to enable the Develop menu depending on your version.

What to Do When Hard Refresh Fails: DevTools and Mobile Solutions

DevTools and mobile solutions when hard refresh fails

If shortcuts still do not fix the page, you can access hidden reload options through Developer Tools. Press F12 to open DevTools, then right-click or click-and-hold the browser’s Reload (↻) button to open the menu.

1. Normal Reload: Reuses local cache to load quickly

2. Hard Reload: Bypasses cache for this request and fetches fresh files

3. Empty Cache and Hard Reload: Completely deletes the site’s cached files before downloading anew

Checking “Disable cache” in DevTools’ Network tab ensures all requests bypass cache while the developer panel is open. Note that a hard refresh only bypasses your local browser cache; it cannot force a CDN (such as Cloudflare or AWS CloudFront) on the server side to purge its cache. On mobile devices where keyboard shortcuts aren’t available, open your browser settings, navigate to “Clear browsing data,” and manually remove cached images and files.

When webpage buttons won’t work or designs break, skip digging through settings and press Ctrl + F5.

How to Fill Blank Cells in Excel Instantly Using Shortcuts

References

1-Minute Summary Video

2026년 10월 18일

Can Forensics Recover Data After a Single Factory Reset?

When selling a used smartphone, are you worried someone might recover your personal photos or banking information? Online forums still claim that you must “run a factory reset three or four times” or that “private forensic services can bring everything back.” Does a single factory reset truly leave your private data vulnerable?

Key Takeaways
Modern smartphones (Android 10+ and iOS) show a 0% recovery rate after just one factory reset via the Settings menu.
Simply deleting files from a gallery app leaves up to 87% of photos and 100% of notes recoverable by forensic tools, making a system reset essential.
Older devices on Android 9 or below require manual encryption and data overwriting, and SD cards and SIM cards must always be physically removed.

Destroying the Encryption Key, Not Just Wiping Data

Factory resetting a modern smartphone does not erase files one by one. Rather than shredding individual documents stored in a heavy vault, it works by throwing the single master key that opens the vault directly into a blast furnace.

Devices running Android 10 or later and all Apple iOS devices enforce File-Based Encryption (FBE) by default. Every photo and document written to storage is instantly locked using a unique, random encryption key.

When you trigger a factory reset from the Settings menu, the operating system permanently destroys the master decryption key kept in the dedicated hardware security module (KeyMint or Secure Enclave). Without that key, the residual data on the flash memory becomes mathematically indistinguishable from random noise, making reconstruction impossible.

Four Private Forensic Labs Tested: 0% Recovery Rate

Deleting a file manually in the gallery app produces an entirely different outcome than a factory reset. A 2026 benchmark test involving 16 smartphones submitted across 4 private digital forensic labs—costing about $1,600 (2.2 million KRW)—highlights this clear contrast.

Deletion Method	Forensic Recovery Rate	Notes
Manual Deletion	87% of photos, 100% of notes recovered	Only file index deleted; raw data intact
1 Factory Reset	0% (Complete failure)	Decryption key destroyed; data inaccessible
2 Factory Resets + Overwrite	0% (Complete failure)	Same outcome as a single reset

Manual deletion simply removes the file pointer, which allowed forensic suites to retrieve 99% of voice recordings and 87% of photos without difficulty. In contrast, after a single factory reset through the official system settings, all four specialized forensic labs failed to recover even one file. The rumor that commercial forensic tools can extract data after a factory reset conflates manual deletion with system-level crypto-wipes or relies on outdated device architectures.

Older Phones and External Storage Are the Exceptions

A single factory reset is not guaranteed to sanitize every legacy handset. Older models running Android 9 or earlier did not enforce file-based encryption by default, leaving residual data vulnerable to recovery tools even after a reset.

Furthermore, external microSD cards inserted into your smartphone are not cleared by a system reset. Unless the external card was specifically encrypted in system settings, standard recovery software can easily undelete photos from it.

To safely wipe an older device running Android 9 or below, follow three steps:

1. Go to Settings and manually encrypt the entire device.

2. Perform an initial factory reset.

3. Record long dummy videos to completely fill the storage capacity, then run a second factory reset.

Before handing over any smartphone, make sure to physically eject the SIM card and microSD card from the tray.

Remove Your Accounts Before Resetting

The most common mistake people make before resetting is forgetting to sign out of their accounts. Wiping a device while still signed into your Google or Apple account triggers theft protection—such as Factory Reset Protection (FRP) or iCloud Activation Lock—which renders the phone unusable for the next owner.

Always log out of your accounts in Settings first. Once that is done, initiate the reset using the official system path:

Samsung Galaxy (Android): Settings → General Management → Reset → Factory Data Reset
iPhone (iOS): Settings → General → Transfer or Reset iPhone → Erase All Content and Settings

Following this procedure ensures that the hardware-bound encryption keys are destroyed, making the phone completely safe for resale.

Before selling your smartphone, sign out of all accounts, take out external storage cards, and execute just one standard factory reset from the Settings menu.

참고자료

1분 요약 영상

2026년 10월 17일

How to Lock the Fn Key on Your Laptop

Ever pressed F2 to edit a cell in Excel only to turn down the volume, or hit F5 in your browser and dimmed the screen? Having to hold down the Fn key in the bottom-left corner every time strains your fingers and interrupts your workflow. Why do laptop manufacturers change standard F1 through F12 functionality like this?

At a Glance
For Lenovo, Dell, and ASUS, pressing Fn + Esc instantly switches to standard function keys. On Samsung, look for a dedicated Fn Lock key or press Fn + F12.
On many LG Gram models, shortcuts launch customer support tools, so turn off Hotkey Mode inside the LG Smart Assistant app.
To lock function keys permanently across reboots, tap F2 or F10 at startup and set Hotkey Mode or Action Keys Mode to Disabled in the BIOS.

Why Your Function Keys Aren’t Working Properly

Why function keys do not work as expected

Laptops are thin and compact, leaving little room for dedicated volume buttons or brightness dials. To save space, manufacturers combined device controls—known as ‘hotkeys’—into the top row of F1 through F12 keys.

Much like shifting a car into Drive (D) or Reverse (R), laptop keyboards are set to a specific default operating mode. Most modern laptops ship from the factory in ‘Hotkey Priority Mode’ for everyday consumer convenience.

Because of this, pressing a key on its own adjusts brightness or volume instead of executing standard F2 or F5 commands. Switching back to standard function keys takes just a 10-second ‘Fn Lock’ change.

10-Second Shortcuts and Companion Apps by Brand

Most manufacturers design keyboards so you can toggle function key priority with a single shortcut. If the shortcut does not work, you can toggle it using the official utility software provided by your manufacturer.

Brand	Primary Shortcut	Companion Software
Samsung	Dedicated `Fn Lock` key or `Fn + F12`	Samsung Settings
LG	`Fn + Esc` (select models)	LG Smart Assistant / LG Control Center
Lenovo	`Fn + Esc` (ThinkPad: `Fn + Left Shift`)	Lenovo Vantage (Hardware Settings > Input)
HP	`Fn + Esc` (select models)	HP Support Assistant (varies by model)
Dell	`Fn + Esc`	Dell Peripheral Manager / QuickSet
ASUS	`Fn + Esc`	MyASUS (Device Settings > Input Device Settings)

Lenovo and Dell laptops often feature a small padlock icon or an LED indicator on the corner of the Esc key. Pressing Fn + Esc turns the light on or off and switches the mode immediately.

How to Keep Fn Lock After Restarting: BIOS Settings

How to prevent reset on reboot using BIOS settings

Even if you change the mode with a shortcut, some laptops revert to their original behavior after a reboot. In this case, you need to change the base configuration in your motherboard’s BIOS setup menu.

Immediately after powering on your laptop, repeatedly tap the BIOS key for your brand (such as F2 or F10) to open the setup screen. Changing the function key behavior to ‘Standard’ will lock it permanently.

Samsung, ASUS, LG: Tap F2 at boot, then change Hotkey Mode or Function Key Behavior under the Advanced or System Configuration menu.
HP: Tap F10 at boot, go to System Configuration, and set Action Keys Mode to Disabled.
Lenovo: Tap F1 or F2 at boot, go to Configuration, and set Hotkey Mode to Disabled.

Why Isn’t It Working on My Laptop? Brand-Specific Notes

Not all laptops work the same way. Some models do not support shortcut switching due to hardware design.

On many LG Gram models, pressing Fn + Esc opens the LG Support Center application instead of locking function keys. Gram users should open the ‘LG Smart Assistant’ app and disable Hotkey Mode there.

ASUS gaming lines (such as ROG and TUF) do not support the function key lock toggle in MyASUS, according to official guidance. Some Samsung Galaxy Book users also report that shortcut settings do not persist across reboots, though official documentation does not specify permanent lock behavior. Detachable tablet keyboards like the HP X2 cannot disable Action Keys Mode due to hardware constraints.

Check the top row of your keyboard for a padlock icon on the Esc or F12 key, and press it together with the Fn key.

Related Guides

References

1-Minute Video Summary

2026년 10월 16일

Essential YouTube Keyboard Shortcuts for Speed, Seeking, and Playback

Ever gotten tired of clicking through the red timeline with your mouse during a long lecture or tutorial? Trying to replay the last 5 seconds often jumps a whole minute forward, breaking your focus. How can you control playback position and speed instantly using just a few keys?

Quick Summary
Use J and L to jump 10 seconds, arrow keys (←/→) for 5 seconds, and K to pause
Use Shift + > and Shift + < to adjust playback speed by 0.25x (0.25x to 2.0x)
Press number keys 0 through 9 to jump to 0% through 90% of the video
Press Shift + ? to view the full list of keyboard shortcuts

Seeking Shortcuts: Jump 5 or 10 Seconds with One Key

Seeking shortcuts to jump 10 and 5 seconds with one key

The most common actions on YouTube are seeking forward, rewinding, and pausing. Instead of dragging the progress bar with a mouse, resting your right hand on J, K, and L makes video control effortless.

Shortcut	Function	Seek Interval
`J`	Rewind 10 seconds	-10 sec
`K`	Toggle play/pause	-
`L`	Fast-forward 10 seconds	+10 sec
`←` (Left arrow)	Rewind 5 seconds	-5 sec
`→` (Right arrow)	Fast-forward 5 seconds	+5 sec

Use J and L for larger 10-second jumps, and the arrow keys ← and → for 5-second adjustments when catching missed dialogue. While paused (K), press , to step back one frame or . to step forward one frame.

Adjust Speed by 0.25x and Jump Instantly Using Number Keys

Adjust playback speed by 0.25x and jump instantly using number keys

Playback speed and section jumping are essential when watching online lectures or long tutorials. YouTube supports eight speed increments from 0.25x up to 2.0x.

Shortcut	Function	Adjustment Range / Interval
`Shift + .` (`>`)	Increase playback speed	0.25x increments (up to 2.0x)
`Shift + ,` (`<`)	Decrease playback speed	0.25x increments (down to 0.25x)
`0` (or `Home`)	Go to beginning of video	Jump to 0%
`1` to `9`	Jump to percentage of video	Jump to 10% – 90%

For example, pressing 5 during a one-hour lecture jumps straight to the 30-minute mark (50%). You can make these 0.25x speed adjustments natively without any browser extensions.

Essential Shortcuts for Fullscreen, Volume, and Navigation

You can also control screen size, audio, and captions entirely from the keyboard, saving the time spent clicking player icons.

Screen display: f toggles fullscreen mode, and Esc exits fullscreen.
Volume control: m toggles mute, while the up and down arrow keys (↑/↓) adjust volume in 5% increments.
Captions and search: c toggles closed captions, and / focuses the search box at the top of the page.
Skip chapters: Ctrl + → (⌥ + → on Mac) jumps to the next chapter, and Ctrl + ← jumps to the previous chapter.

If your cursor is active in a comment box or search bar, key presses will type text instead. Click the video player once to focus it before using shortcuts. Note that when using an external Bluetooth keyboard on mobile devices, supported shortcuts may vary by device and operating system.

Try putting your mouse aside on your next YouTube video: press "K" to pause, then hit "Shift + >" to speed it up.

Related Guides

1-Minute Video Summary

2026년 10월 16일

How to Fix Excel Freezing and Lagging

Have you ever changed a single number only to watch your cursor turn into an hourglass and display “Not Responding”? Even on high-end computers, a few entangled formulas can bring Excel to a dead halt. Why does this happen?

Quick Summary
Switch to manual calculation: Set [Formulas] → [Calculation Options] → [Manual] to stop freezing while editing
Recalculate only when needed: Press ‘F9’ to recalculate everything, or ‘Shift + F9’ for the active sheet
Optimize conditional formatting: Shrink full-column ranges (A:A) to your actual data area ($A$2:$A$5000)
Save as binary format: Save large workbooks as ‘.xlsb’ to slash file size and load times

Why Changing One Cell Freezes Everything

Why changing a single cell freezes Excel

Excel’s default calculation mode is set to ‘Automatic’. Every time you edit a cell, Excel immediately recalculates every formula dependent on that cell.

When your sheet spans tens of thousands of rows and relies on heavy formulas like VLOOKUP, INDEX, and IF, the computational load surges. Add volatile functions like TODAY(), NOW(), or OFFSET(), and a single input triggers hundreds of thousands of background calculations at once.

It is like re-inspecting every book in a library just because you revised a single sentence. To stop this bottleneck, you need to pause calculations while entering data.

Switch to Manual Calculation and Use the F9 Shortcut

Switching to manual calculation mode and using the F9 shortcut

The most reliable way to eliminate freezing while working is to switch the calculation mode to ‘Manual’. Go to [Formulas] → [Calculation Options] → [Manual] in the top ribbon, and Excel will hold off on calculating until you tell it to.

In manual mode, changing a value will not update formula results immediately. You can trigger calculations whenever you want using these shortcuts:

Shortcut	Scope	Best Used For
`F9`	Recalculates modified formulas across all open workbooks	Updating results after finishing all data entry
`Shift + F9`	Recalculates formulas on the active worksheet only	Quickly verifying values on a single sheet
`Ctrl + Alt + F9`	Forces a full recalculation of all formulas in all open workbooks	Ensuring complete data integrity

Excel adopts the calculation mode of the first file opened during a session for all subsequent workbooks. Before printing a report or sharing a file, always press F9 to make sure all calculations reflect the latest data.

Another Cause of Lag: Shrink Conditional Formatting Ranges

Optimizing conditional formatting ranges to reduce lag

If Excel still stutters when you scroll after turning on manual calculation, conditional formatting is likely the culprit. Excel re-evaluates conditional formatting rules every time the screen redraws.

Many users apply formatting rules to entire columns (such as A:A). This forces Excel to check all 1,048,576 rows on every frame, drastically slowing down rendering performance.

Go to [Home] → [Conditional Formatting] → [Manage Rules] and restrict the applies-to range to your actual data area (e.g., =$A$2:$A$5000). Deleting fragmented duplicate rules and checking ‘Stop If True’ will also significantly cut down calculation overhead.

Extra Optimization Tools to Lighten Large Workbooks

Tools to optimize and lighten large Excel files

Clearing out invisible excess formatting and blank-cell metadata can noticeably speed up workbook responsiveness. If you are on Microsoft 365, open [Review] → [Check Performance] and click ‘Optimize All’ to clean up bloated cells in one click.

If you use a perpetual version like Excel 2021 or older without this feature, go to [File] → [Options] → [Add-ins], manage COM Add-ins, enable Inquire, and run ‘Clean Excess Cell Formatting’.

For massive workbooks with hundreds of thousands of rows, try saving the file as an Excel Binary Workbook (*.xlsb) instead of the standard format (.xlsx). This shrinks file size and speeds up both opening and saving.

If your Excel file is freezing right now, switch its calculation option to ‘Manual’ and narrow any full-column conditional formatting rules down to your actual data range.

References

1-Minute Summary Video

2026년 10월 15일

How to Create a Drop-Down List in Excel with Data Validation

Ever opened a shared Excel file to see messy entries like “In Progress” and “In progress “? Every time you filter data or build a Pivot Table, fixing these typos manually takes hours. What if users could simply pick from a clean, preset list with a single click?

At a Glance
Create drop-down: Select cells > [Data] > [Data Validation] > set Allow to ‘List’
Enter source: Type values directly (Apple,Banana,Grape) or reference a cell range (=$A$2:$A$9)
Auto-update: Press ‘Ctrl + T’ to turn source items into a table so new entries update automatically
Delete completely: Do not just press Delete; open Data Validation, click [Clear All] at the bottom-left, and click OK

Why You Need Drop-Down Lists: Stop Typos from Breaking Reports

When multiple people enter text into an Excel sheet, extra spaces and typos quickly pile up. Even when the meaning is identical, Excel treats minor spelling differences as completely separate entries, corrupting filter categories and Pivot Table totals.

Just like picking an item off a restaurant menu, a drop-down list lets users select only pre-approved options. Restricting inputs to predefined values ensures total data consistency.

3 Steps to Create a Drop-Down List with Data Validation

You can create a drop-down list in just a few clicks using Excel’s built-in Data Validation tool.

1. Select the cell or range where you want the drop-down list to appear.

2. On the ribbon, go to [Data] > [Data Tools] > [Data Validation].

3. In the [Settings] tab, change ‘Allow’ to [List], specify your items in the ‘Source’ box, and click [OK].

Depending on your workflow, you can choose one of three ways to supply source data:

Input Method	How to Set Up	Example
Direct Input	List items separated by commas (`,`)	`Apple,Banana,Grape`
Cell Range	Drag or type the cell range containing your items	`=$A$2:$A$9`
Named Range	Enter your predefined range name	`=Item_List`

Once set up, an arrow button (▼) appears on the right side of the cell, allowing immediate selection.

Auto-Update Drop-Down Lists with Ctrl + T

Reopening the Data Validation window to update ranges every time you add a new item is tedious. Converting your source list into an official Excel Table solves this instantly.

Select your source list and press Ctrl + T to turn it into a table. Whenever you append a new item to the bottom or remove an existing one, your linked drop-down list updates automatically.

Block Invalid Entries and Completely Remove Drop-Downs

To prevent users from typing unlisted values, use the other tabs in the dialog box. The [Input Message] tab displays helpful instructions (up to 225 characters) whenever a user selects the cell. The [Error Alert] tab displays an error pop-up and blocks entry when someone types an invalid value.

If you want to remove a drop-down list, pressing the Delete key only erases the cell contents—the validation rule and arrow remain. To remove it completely, select the cell, reopen [Data Validation], click [Clear All] in the bottom-left corner, and click [OK].

Keep in mind that multi-level dependent drop-downs using INDIRECT or dynamic array formulas vary by Excel version, so master this standard list setup first.

Find a column with frequent typos in your current spreadsheet and apply Data Validation ‘List’ today.

References

support.microsoft.com

1-Minute Video Summary

2026년 10월 15일

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